amur
20/09/2003, 21h37
nudagh di internet ufigh kra imagraden id yerra ar tmazight mass xalid ibnu zahir itri .imagraden a ghef tussna s umata .ad zwiregh s sin imezwura : tusnaghezwer (cosmologie) d wakud ( akud : le temps). yesedad daghen tamawalt tamessunt d tatiknikt.
je vous propose une visite du site http://iquebec.ifrance.com/tunaruz/tussena/ighezwer/ighezwer.htm
avec une serie d articles scientifiques traduits en tamazight (parler tachelhit).
Khalid Ibnouzahir ITRI
Asughel zi "Encyclopédie Guinness"
Tusnaghezwer d tussena nna izerrewn tiskiwt, inetti d temhazt n ighezwer. Di tmidî ts17, kkan-t-in midden la smuqqulen ighezwer amzun iga wartalla, amalkan d imedki. Tusnaghezwer tatrart tessenta g iseggwasen Simraw, alli issenzâ umusnaw amirikan n ûzyar Edwin Hubble (1889-1953), nna ifullan xef tannayin n u tmurt-is Vesto Slipher (1875-1969), izd imazellawen la ttemyaggagen s irurden izunan i isettumen nna ten-ibettûn.
Llant kigan tizêryin nna ssefranin inetti d imal n ighezwer. Amata n imusnawen mcackan xef tîzri n " Big Bang ", tîzri n tlalit n ighezwer, maca mmezrayen atâs xef imal-is. Kra n imusnawen la ttinin is rad yusgh ighezwer afsar-is gher tartalla. Wiyyâd la tteghalen izd amussu-ad n wafsar ra immunnêd armi imlilley ; zi wakud-an ra iqsef ighezwer xef iman-is : d tîzri n " Big Crunch ".
" BIG BANG "
Assa-a, nedg is ilul ighezwer zi yan usettigh itteyussanen s " Big Bang ", 15 ar 20 imilyaren n isegg°asen ay-a.
Akud izrin deffir " Big Bang " (Temps passé après le big bang) Amsir (Evénement)
10-43 sn (tasinin) ikka-t-in ighezwer irgha sul atâs atâs (1032 kilfin : tayant n tirghi), d inzâ sul. Ittâf yan ukdu imezzîn milyun n tikkal xef win ubelkim n Hidrujin.
10-35 sn Umanen ikwarken (=quarks), ilibtunen (iliktrunen (=électrons) ; inutrinusen (=neutrinos)) d temgelizelghin-ensen (=antiparticule (Mgel=anti + Tazelgha= particule)) : d annaz adrunan (adronique). Ighama " usekkif "-ad n tzelghin ar 10-6 sn. Amata n ibrutunen (=protons) d inutrunen (=neutrons), lulenin zi ikwarken, myaghebban d temgelizelghin-ensen. Itkar ilemma ighezwer s ilibtunen, ibaryunen (baryons) d ifutunen (photons) : d annaz alibtunan (leghtonique).
Ger 10-35 d 10-32 sn Tallit-ad bar temnaggar d yan uzânêz n wafsar n ighezwer, innermêdn atâs (Aftay). Innudâ ublegh n ighezwer attayn 1050 n tikkal.
1 sn Tudr tirghi gher attayn 6 imilyaren n tfesniwin. Ilibtunen ur sul llin g umnek°ti ger-asen. Ifutunen ssentan la ttenbâden tusnagama n ighezwer : d annaz amezzenzêr (radiatif).
Kra n timmâd n tasinin Umanen ighyayen imezwura (hidrujin, hilyum, dutiryum d lityum) : d aghyasnay amezwaru (nucléosynthèse primordial : aghya=nucléo + asnay=synthèse)
15 sd (tusdidin) Telkem tirghi gher 1 milyun n tfesniwin, maca imda yad usnay n ighyayen n ibelkimen n Hidrujin d Hilyum.
Kra n timmâd wafdân n isegg°asen Isemmîd ighezwer. Tewda tirghi-s afad ad yili usnay n iliktrunen d ighyayen. Umanen ilemma ibelkimen n Hidrujin d Hilyum. Itrem yan uzzenzêr n ighezwer itteyussemîdn ar 3 Kilfin , azzenzêr nna sul nettannay ar ass-a. Iliktrunen munen d ighyayen, ur la sul tteqqenen ifutunen ad nyuddun g ighezwer. Tifawt tedderfa ilemma zi tanga ; ighezwer yaghul d amessewsagh : d annaz anitri (stellaire).
AZZENZÊR UQBIR N 3 K (Rayonnement fossile à 3K)
Taghlaghalt n usettigh-ad amezwaru tettewattêf g uncek n yan uzzenzêr azâradkiran. Zi 1948, amirikan George Gamow (1904-1968) isawl xef tilit n uzzenzêr-ad, ar 1965, alli t-sfukkeren ayt tmurt-is Arno Penzias (ilul di 1933) d Robert Wilson (ilul di 1936).
Azzenzêr-ad la ilekkem tadwast-is tafellayt xef yat tighzi n temdeswelt n 2,5 mm yugdan yat tirghi n utrem n 3 K (-270 °C).
Ak°mani g ighezwer zi yusa-d uzzenzêr-ad, tadwast-is d tasuradt s timmaseght i kra n umannay illan g unagraw anitîj.
ASANAY " DOPPLER " (Effet Doppler)
Di 1968, issefra ubritâni William Huggins (1824-1910) is illa yan umgagar gher uzegg°agh n umasan amaffaw n kra n itran. Irar Huggins amgagar-ad gher usanay " Doppler " ittewasfukkern di 1842. Tifawt n kra n itri la tessenfal ini-s xef may la tettâz negh la tettaggug, zund azit n kra n temghurt nna ineffeln xef may la tettâz temghurt negh la tettaggug.
Amasan n itran nna ttaggugnin la inezzegh gher tighziwin timeqranin n temdeswelt, gher uzegg°agh. Idd winna ttâzenin, amasan-ensen la inezzegh gher tighziwin timêzyanin n temdeswelt, gher ukzîy.
TAGH°DA N " HUBBLE " (La loi de Hubble)
Di 1929, issenzâ umirikan Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) izd arured n trula n kra n umazellaw iga azunan i usettum nna t-ibettûn zi wakal, d ak°milmi ittimghur usettum-ad la ittattuy urured n trula.
Tagh°da n " Hubble " la tettini izd :
Arured n trula = asettum ´ timezgit n " Hubble "
Azal n tmezgit-ad la ittegga zi 50 ar 100 Ikilumitren / tasint / Migabarsik (Mégaparsec = 3,26 imilyunen n isegg°asen-tifawt).
IMAL N IGHEZWER (L’avenir de l’univers)
Tinezzî n tanga illan g ighezwer ad ra issimken imal-is. Meqqar la ttemyaggagen imazellawen, tella sul yat tdusi n ulday ger-asen.
Sinaryu 1ru : igh zzâyen imazellawen s may iwdan, tadusi-ensen n ulday rad ternu tadusi iluln zi usettigh amezwaru (Big Bang) nna ten-ibdân, armi imlilley umussu n wafsar n ighezwer. Ra iqsef ilemma ighezwer xef iman-is di yan " Big Crunch " amisi i " Big Bang ".
Akud-an, rad yuman yan ighezwer immezrayn s ughrud d ighezwer n wass-a. Tîzri-yad la tgellem tudert n ighezwer amzun tga yan ummêdfar wartalla n isettighen d iqsafen.
Sinaryu ws2 : igh ur tewda tmakta n tanga g ighezwer afad ad iqsef xef iman-is, rad yusgh ighezwer afsar-is gher tartalla. Ighezwer ur rad yili iwetta. Maca, illa yan ubadu i ighezwer nna nezmer ad nannay. Tagh°da n " Hubble " tesfel-agh ad nessîdn izd imazellawen llanin di 15 ar 20 imilyaren n isegg°asen-tifawt zi wakal, la ttaggugen s kra n irurden ugrenin arured n tifawat-ensen. Akkenni, tifawt-ensen ur rad jju telkem akal.
TÎZRI N UDDAD IMEDKI (Théorie de l’état stationnaire)
Ass-a, idrus ma innaln xef tîzri-yad, nna ittinin izd ighezwer ikka-t-in illa alîd, d is rad yili ar tartalla. Ubritâni Fred Hoyle (ilul di 1915) a issusnen tîzri-yad yumanen di 1948. Maca, tella yat tmukrist d tîzri-yad, acku ur tezmir ad tessefru azzenzêr aqbur n 3 K.
je vous propose une visite du site http://iquebec.ifrance.com/tunaruz/tussena/ighezwer/ighezwer.htm
avec une serie d articles scientifiques traduits en tamazight (parler tachelhit).
Khalid Ibnouzahir ITRI
Asughel zi "Encyclopédie Guinness"
Tusnaghezwer d tussena nna izerrewn tiskiwt, inetti d temhazt n ighezwer. Di tmidî ts17, kkan-t-in midden la smuqqulen ighezwer amzun iga wartalla, amalkan d imedki. Tusnaghezwer tatrart tessenta g iseggwasen Simraw, alli issenzâ umusnaw amirikan n ûzyar Edwin Hubble (1889-1953), nna ifullan xef tannayin n u tmurt-is Vesto Slipher (1875-1969), izd imazellawen la ttemyaggagen s irurden izunan i isettumen nna ten-ibettûn.
Llant kigan tizêryin nna ssefranin inetti d imal n ighezwer. Amata n imusnawen mcackan xef tîzri n " Big Bang ", tîzri n tlalit n ighezwer, maca mmezrayen atâs xef imal-is. Kra n imusnawen la ttinin is rad yusgh ighezwer afsar-is gher tartalla. Wiyyâd la tteghalen izd amussu-ad n wafsar ra immunnêd armi imlilley ; zi wakud-an ra iqsef ighezwer xef iman-is : d tîzri n " Big Crunch ".
" BIG BANG "
Assa-a, nedg is ilul ighezwer zi yan usettigh itteyussanen s " Big Bang ", 15 ar 20 imilyaren n isegg°asen ay-a.
Akud izrin deffir " Big Bang " (Temps passé après le big bang) Amsir (Evénement)
10-43 sn (tasinin) ikka-t-in ighezwer irgha sul atâs atâs (1032 kilfin : tayant n tirghi), d inzâ sul. Ittâf yan ukdu imezzîn milyun n tikkal xef win ubelkim n Hidrujin.
10-35 sn Umanen ikwarken (=quarks), ilibtunen (iliktrunen (=électrons) ; inutrinusen (=neutrinos)) d temgelizelghin-ensen (=antiparticule (Mgel=anti + Tazelgha= particule)) : d annaz adrunan (adronique). Ighama " usekkif "-ad n tzelghin ar 10-6 sn. Amata n ibrutunen (=protons) d inutrunen (=neutrons), lulenin zi ikwarken, myaghebban d temgelizelghin-ensen. Itkar ilemma ighezwer s ilibtunen, ibaryunen (baryons) d ifutunen (photons) : d annaz alibtunan (leghtonique).
Ger 10-35 d 10-32 sn Tallit-ad bar temnaggar d yan uzânêz n wafsar n ighezwer, innermêdn atâs (Aftay). Innudâ ublegh n ighezwer attayn 1050 n tikkal.
1 sn Tudr tirghi gher attayn 6 imilyaren n tfesniwin. Ilibtunen ur sul llin g umnek°ti ger-asen. Ifutunen ssentan la ttenbâden tusnagama n ighezwer : d annaz amezzenzêr (radiatif).
Kra n timmâd n tasinin Umanen ighyayen imezwura (hidrujin, hilyum, dutiryum d lityum) : d aghyasnay amezwaru (nucléosynthèse primordial : aghya=nucléo + asnay=synthèse)
15 sd (tusdidin) Telkem tirghi gher 1 milyun n tfesniwin, maca imda yad usnay n ighyayen n ibelkimen n Hidrujin d Hilyum.
Kra n timmâd wafdân n isegg°asen Isemmîd ighezwer. Tewda tirghi-s afad ad yili usnay n iliktrunen d ighyayen. Umanen ilemma ibelkimen n Hidrujin d Hilyum. Itrem yan uzzenzêr n ighezwer itteyussemîdn ar 3 Kilfin , azzenzêr nna sul nettannay ar ass-a. Iliktrunen munen d ighyayen, ur la sul tteqqenen ifutunen ad nyuddun g ighezwer. Tifawt tedderfa ilemma zi tanga ; ighezwer yaghul d amessewsagh : d annaz anitri (stellaire).
AZZENZÊR UQBIR N 3 K (Rayonnement fossile à 3K)
Taghlaghalt n usettigh-ad amezwaru tettewattêf g uncek n yan uzzenzêr azâradkiran. Zi 1948, amirikan George Gamow (1904-1968) isawl xef tilit n uzzenzêr-ad, ar 1965, alli t-sfukkeren ayt tmurt-is Arno Penzias (ilul di 1933) d Robert Wilson (ilul di 1936).
Azzenzêr-ad la ilekkem tadwast-is tafellayt xef yat tighzi n temdeswelt n 2,5 mm yugdan yat tirghi n utrem n 3 K (-270 °C).
Ak°mani g ighezwer zi yusa-d uzzenzêr-ad, tadwast-is d tasuradt s timmaseght i kra n umannay illan g unagraw anitîj.
ASANAY " DOPPLER " (Effet Doppler)
Di 1968, issefra ubritâni William Huggins (1824-1910) is illa yan umgagar gher uzegg°agh n umasan amaffaw n kra n itran. Irar Huggins amgagar-ad gher usanay " Doppler " ittewasfukkern di 1842. Tifawt n kra n itri la tessenfal ini-s xef may la tettâz negh la tettaggug, zund azit n kra n temghurt nna ineffeln xef may la tettâz temghurt negh la tettaggug.
Amasan n itran nna ttaggugnin la inezzegh gher tighziwin timeqranin n temdeswelt, gher uzegg°agh. Idd winna ttâzenin, amasan-ensen la inezzegh gher tighziwin timêzyanin n temdeswelt, gher ukzîy.
TAGH°DA N " HUBBLE " (La loi de Hubble)
Di 1929, issenzâ umirikan Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) izd arured n trula n kra n umazellaw iga azunan i usettum nna t-ibettûn zi wakal, d ak°milmi ittimghur usettum-ad la ittattuy urured n trula.
Tagh°da n " Hubble " la tettini izd :
Arured n trula = asettum ´ timezgit n " Hubble "
Azal n tmezgit-ad la ittegga zi 50 ar 100 Ikilumitren / tasint / Migabarsik (Mégaparsec = 3,26 imilyunen n isegg°asen-tifawt).
IMAL N IGHEZWER (L’avenir de l’univers)
Tinezzî n tanga illan g ighezwer ad ra issimken imal-is. Meqqar la ttemyaggagen imazellawen, tella sul yat tdusi n ulday ger-asen.
Sinaryu 1ru : igh zzâyen imazellawen s may iwdan, tadusi-ensen n ulday rad ternu tadusi iluln zi usettigh amezwaru (Big Bang) nna ten-ibdân, armi imlilley umussu n wafsar n ighezwer. Ra iqsef ilemma ighezwer xef iman-is di yan " Big Crunch " amisi i " Big Bang ".
Akud-an, rad yuman yan ighezwer immezrayn s ughrud d ighezwer n wass-a. Tîzri-yad la tgellem tudert n ighezwer amzun tga yan ummêdfar wartalla n isettighen d iqsafen.
Sinaryu ws2 : igh ur tewda tmakta n tanga g ighezwer afad ad iqsef xef iman-is, rad yusgh ighezwer afsar-is gher tartalla. Ighezwer ur rad yili iwetta. Maca, illa yan ubadu i ighezwer nna nezmer ad nannay. Tagh°da n " Hubble " tesfel-agh ad nessîdn izd imazellawen llanin di 15 ar 20 imilyaren n isegg°asen-tifawt zi wakal, la ttaggugen s kra n irurden ugrenin arured n tifawat-ensen. Akkenni, tifawt-ensen ur rad jju telkem akal.
TÎZRI N UDDAD IMEDKI (Théorie de l’état stationnaire)
Ass-a, idrus ma innaln xef tîzri-yad, nna ittinin izd ighezwer ikka-t-in illa alîd, d is rad yili ar tartalla. Ubritâni Fred Hoyle (ilul di 1915) a issusnen tîzri-yad yumanen di 1948. Maca, tella yat tmukrist d tîzri-yad, acku ur tezmir ad tessefru azzenzêr aqbur n 3 K.